Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum will undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), like 12 precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: After the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle game: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling plan.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data expansion while maintaining decentralization. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, with ordinary users able to run validators and keep the network decentralized.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, like updating a config file online, without full client upgrades.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows elastic, on-demand scaling of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risk.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This “fee rollercoaster” made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 stabilizes blob fees by setting reasonable bounds linked to Layer 2 execution costs. The fee limits are anchored to the Layer 1 execution fee (for state updates, ZK proof verification, etc.), which remains relatively stable regardless of transaction volume. Tying blob fees to this “anchor” prevents wild fluctuations.

Significance: This prevents fee “race to the bottom” or “skyrocketing,” making Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set more reliable transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences for users.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The block gas limit (~30 million) has remained unchanged for years. Increasing throughput requires raising this limit, but without compromising decentralization or hardware requirements.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new level (e.g., 45 million or higher). It’s a recommended default, encouraging validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS, easing congestion and gas fees. However, it also demands better hardware from validators, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While expanding capacity, maintaining security is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025, aiming to build a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “gas limit” controls total computation but not physical block size. Attackers can craft “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., mass zero-ETH transfers) that produce huge blocks with minimal computation, causing slow propagation and potential DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum vehicle size on roads, this prevents oversized blocks from slowing down the network, ensuring faster propagation and improved stability.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total gas per block is limited, individual transactions have no cap. A single transaction could consume nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Limit each transaction to 16.77 million gas. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has risks: unbounded input size and low gas cost, enabling attacks.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input size to 8192 bits.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making attacks costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, making cryptographic operations safer and more resource-aware.

Developer Tools! Empowering Application Building

Fusaka also introduces new tools for developers, making building on Ethereum more powerful and efficient.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits hardware wallet integration.

Solution: Add a precompile contract supporting secp256r1 signature verification.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and enhancing security for Web3 adoption.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating leading zeros in 256-bit numbers is common in cryptography and ZK proofs but currently requires complex code and high gas costs.

Solution: Add a new EVM opcode “CLZ” to count leading zeros directly.

Significance: Provides a fast, low-cost tool for math-heavy applications, reducing costs for ZK rollups and cryptographic computations.

Network Optimization! Invisible Improvements for a Healthier Ecosystem

Two less-visible EIPs focus on long-term network health and coordination.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes face huge data downloads, raising barriers. Also, after The Merge, some redundant data remains.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline transaction receipts, allowing new nodes to skip old data and reduce sync size by about 530GB.

Significance: Lowers the barrier for running full nodes, strengthening decentralization and resilience.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on centralized sequencers, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized ordering via L1 proposers introduces delays, hurting user experience.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, turning random selection into a predictable timetable.

Significance: Enables “Pre-Confirmed” Layer 2 transactions, allowing gateways to negotiate with proposers in advance, combining decentralization with near-instant confirmation—paving the way for next-gen rollups like Based Rollup.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade Now?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move amid the rise of RWA and stablecoins on Ethereum. Ethereum now hosts over 56% of stablecoin supply, becoming the core settlement layer of the global digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and transactions.

• For Institutional Layer 2 Chains: It provides the “fuel” for unlimited scaling, lowering data costs, and enabling specialized chains for KYC and compliance, supporting massive economic activity.
• For “Trillion Dollar Security”: It strengthens security foundations, closing potential vulnerabilities, and building an unbreakable financial infrastructure.

In summary, Fusaka’s clear focus on scalability and security positions Ethereum to capitalize on favorable regulations and market trends, transforming from a speculative asset into a mainstream financial backbone.

Conclusion: Quiet but Deep Transformation

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, readying for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For everyday users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks, “On-Chain Wall Street,” and more. Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on public information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR.
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